December 17, 2019

By Dave Sawyer and Seton Stiebert

Election 43 saw an escalation in commitments made to plant trees to address dangerous climate change. While this topic has been hotly debated, it seems that there’s promise in planting billions of trees and letting them grow.

In this note for Smart Prosperity Institute, we provide a view of the costs and emission reductions of planting billions of trees as proposed by the Liberal Party of Canada in Election 43. We find the proposed program is likely a cheap source of carbon reductions, is a promising booster of net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 and will deliver additional ecological and economic benefits for our kids and their kids’ kids. 

We don’t have a lot of detail on where the government plans to plant two billion trees and improve forest management by 2030. We know they have committed $2 billion on a cost-share basis with a broad cross section of government, industry and other stakeholders. But, will it be on public lands primarily? Or will they also seek to plant trees on private land?  Will it focus on afforesting lands previously forested? Or will it reforest areas degraded or damaged by fires or pest outbreaks?

Adding to the uncertainty about the amount of carbon sequestered is where the trees are planted, the type of species planted, and the forest management practices implemented. Soil and climatic conditions specific to the land selected for planting and the planting density and tree species selected will all be significant factors as to how much carbon can be sequestered and how quickly.

To estimate the projected carbon sequestered and the cost per tonne of carbon removed of planting 2 billion trees, we adopted the following simplified approach:

• Estimate planting densities per hectare. Based on a literature review (here and here for example), we estimate about 1,200 to 3,000 trees per hectare could be planted in varying terrains in Canada.  The average for the distribution used in the analysis is 2,000.
• Estimate hectares of land that could be planted.  To plant 2 billion trees and assuming the planting densities identified above, the total number of hectares that could be planted ranges between 670 kilohectares and 1,700 kilohectares before 2030 with a central value of 1.1 million hectares. We don’t make specific assumptions regarding what land areas will be selected for planting or the specific activity is afforestation or reforestation but assume all the planting is additional and would not have otherwise occurred without the $2 billion federal investment. 
• Estimate carbon sequestration rates over 50 years. The literature indicates there is a broad range of sequestration rates for different planting regimes and tree species across Canada.  For example, a well-managed hybrid poplar plantation on formerly agricultural land with good soil and climatic conditions has an average annual sequestration rate greater than 30 tCO2e/year per hectare. Conversely, planting spruce on previously forested land that has been damaged by pests in Northern Canada might only have an annual sequestration rate of 1 tCO2e/year per hectare. We bound a range of less than 1 to 11 tCO2e/year per hectare with a central value of 6 tCO2e/year per hectare. This changes in time, and over the life of the 50-year time horizon we assume. 
• Discount for permanence an additionality. The sequestration rates are discounted to consider both the possibility of non-permanence (i.e., that the trees are damaged or removed either by natural disturbances or human activity) and to consider that in some cases there could be natural regeneration so not all of the tree growth is additional.  The discount factor ranges between 15% and 30% (central is 20%) like the rate used for afforestation and reforestation offset projects.
• Calculate total planting costs over 50 years. Using the program parameters as announced ($2 billion trees plus our assumed $2 billion dollars from cost-sharing) we estimate the average program costs to be in the order of $3,600/hectare. Planting costs alone are likely to be in the range of $1,000 to $2,500 per hectare (here and here) depending on the tree species selected and geographic location. The $3,600 could very well be on the low side of costs once land tenure and other transaction costs are added. We therefore assume total costs to have more high side uncertainty and range between $3.2 billion and $6 billion around the central total cost of $4 billion. These total costs are streamed out equally between 2020 and 2030 and discounted back to 2019 dollars using a discount rate of 2% to 4%. 

Table 1 summarizes our estimates of annual emission reductions and costs related to the 2 billion trees commitment.  We provide a range of values to reflect the considerable uncertainty in our analysis. 

So, what do we get from a scheme to plant billions and billions of trees?

For starters, there are the multiple stacked ecological and allied economic benefits. Besides the carbon, planting and protecting large swaths of Canada’s forests generates a whole range of ecological benefits, many of which are valued for their own sake, have value in use such as recreational enjoyment or help avoid costs through, for example, floor control. Even Statistics Canada, that radial crowd of bean counters, think natural capital benefits are worth a closer look.  In addition to the $2 billion for planting trees, the Liberal commitment sets aside $1 billion for other efforts, including conservation. This investment will also drive ecological and economic benefits and sequester more carbon.

Importantly, there’s a large greenhouse emissions reduction potential sitting in Canada’s natural capital. Canada’s historical GHG inventory provides some insight on this potential. If we set aside natural disturbances such as fires and pests, Canada’s 226 million hectares of managed forests sequesters about 25 megatonnes of CO₂e (Mt CO2e) annually.  The potential carbon sink on top of this for measures such as improved forest management, increased forest utilization, bioenergy, and reduced harvest for conservation has been estimated at greater than 30 Mt CO₂e per year with a cumulative total potential of 1,000 MtCO₂e by 2050.  The gap to Canada’s 2030 GHG target currently sits at about 80 Mt.

The commitment to plant 2 billion trees looks like a solid start towards net zero GHGs by 2050.  We calculate the emission reductions in 2050 from the proposed program to be 6 MtCO₂e or 20% of the estimated reduction potential from Canada’s forests.  Since trees grow slow and sequester carbon accordingly, the emission reduction potential is about 3 Mt in 2030 or about 4% of Canada’s projected gap to the 2030 GHG target.  These estimates are somewhat conservative since we assume a large share of the sequestered carbon, upwards of 30%, will be eventually released through natural disturbances such as fires and pests. 

The carbon cost of planting 2 billion trees looks to be a bargain. To determine the cost of the sequestered carbon, we assume a cost sharing rate on top of the $2 billion federal investment of 50% resulting in a total program cost of $4 billion to plant 2 billion trees. Based on this assumption, we estimate the average carbon cost of the proposed program to be in the range of $20 per tonne of CO₂e (tCO₂e) over the life of the trees.  This estimate looks reasonable given other Canadian studies show that reductions of 15 to 20 MtCO₂e annually out to 2050 look feasible at costs below $50 per tonne. The cost per tonne looks cheap compared against the 2022 federal carbon price of $50 per tonne of CO₂e or the projected costs of closing the 2030 GHG target gap of $100 to $150 per tonne.  

Finally, the commitment to plant billions and billions of trees looks feasible. As hewers of wood, it is fair to say that Canada’s forest sector knows something about the science of planting trees and managing forests. And with a history of projects designed to sequester carbon to satisfy regulatory requirements as in British Columbia, we presumably understand something about the economics of tree carbon. Sure, more can be done, and improvements made, but the ability to scale up current efforts bolsters the feasibility of planting 2 billion trees or more.   

Figure 1:  Planting 2 Billion Trees - Estimates of Annual Emission Reductions and Costs

So, at first blush, Election 43 represents an inflection point in Canada’s pathways to decarbonize and push towards net zero by 2050. Trees and natural capital have been the poor cousin of carbon policy in Canada for too long. It’s time to go all in and get tree planting!

To learn more, check out the webinar Harness the Potential of 2 Billion Trees.